The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth.
Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Mar;230(3S):S991-S1004. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.021. Epub 2023 Aug 11.
Repair of episiotomy and obstetrical perineal lacerations (first-fourth).
Schmidt PC, Fenner DE.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Mar;230(3S):S1005-S1013. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.005. Epub 2023 May 2.
Perineal tears - A review.
Goh R, Goh D, Ellepola H.
Aust J Gen Pract. 2018 Jan-Feb;47(1-2):35-38. doi: 10.31128/AFP-09-17-4333.
Care for perineal tears in vaginal delivery: An update for midwife.
Hartinah A, Usman AN, Sartini, Jafar N, Arsyad MA, Yulianty R, Sirenden H, Nurung J.
Gac Sanit. 2021;35 Suppl 2:S216-S220. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.10.024.
Acute pain management after vaginal delivery with perineal tears or episiotomy.
Luxey X, Lemoine A, Dewinter G, Joshi GP, Le Ray C, Raeder J, Van de Velde M, Bonnet MP; PROSPECT Working Group of the European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy.
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025 Jun 10;50(6):503-513. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2024-105478.
Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma.
Aasheim V, Nilsen ABV, Reinar LM, Lukasse M.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 13;6(6):CD006672. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006672.pub3.
Can pelvic floor muscle training prevent perineal laceration? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gomes Lopes L, Maia Dutra Balsells M, Teixeira Moreira Vasconcelos C, Leite de Araújo T, Teixeira Lima FE, de Souza Aquino P.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 May;157(2):248-254. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13826. Epub 2021 Aug 4.
Perineal massage during labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Aquino CI, Guida M, Saccone G, Cruz Y, Vitagliano A, Zullo F, Berghella V.
J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Mar;33(6):1051-1063. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1512574. Epub 2018 Sep 19.
Perineal laceration.
BOURNE A.
Med World. 1954 Mar;80(3):249-55.
Obstetric Lacerations: Prevention and Repair.
Arnold MJ, Sadler K, Leli K.
Am Fam Physician. 2021 Jun 15;103(12):745-752.
